Among these is infection by the fungus Botryosphaeria, which causes panicle and shoot blight (symptoms include death of the flowers and young shoots), and can damage entire pistachio orchards. Pistachio trees are vulnerable to numerous diseases and infection by insects such as Leptoglossus clypealis. Swingle's pistachios from Syria had already fruited well at Niles, California, by 1917. In 19, David Fairchild of the United States Department of Agriculture introduced hardier cultivars to California collected from China, but it was not promoted as a commercial crop until 1929. In the 19th century, the pistachio was cultivated commercially in parts of the English-speaking world, such as Australia along with New Mexico and California where it was introduced in 1854 as a garden tree. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Merodach-Baladan about 700 BC. ДЄrchaeologists have found evidence from excavations at Jarmo in northeastern Iraq for the consumption of Atlantic pistachio. The early sixth-century manuscript De observatione ciborum ('On the observance of foods') by Anthimus implies that pistacia remained well known in Europe in Late Antiquity.ДЄn article on pistachio tree cultivation is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture.

Pliny the Elder writes in his Natural History that pistacia, 'well known among us', was one of the trees unique to Syria, and that the seed was introduced into Italy by the Roman Proconsul in Syria, Lucius Vitellius the Elder (in office in 35 AD) and into Hispania at the same time by Flaccus Pompeius.

It appears in Dioscorides' writings as pistГЎkia (ПЂО№ПѓП„О¬ОєО№О±), recognizable as P. Theophrastus described it as a terebinth-like tree with almond-like nuts from Bactria. They are cultivated across southern Europe and north Africa. Pistachio trees were introduced from Asia to Europe in the 1st century AD by the Romans. So far, the earliest evidence of pistachio consumption goes back to the Bronze Age Central Asia and comes from Djarkutan, modern Uzbekistan. Archaeology shows that pistachio seeds were a common food as early as 6750 BC. The pistachio tree is native to regions of Central Asia, including present-day Iran and Afghanistan. Pistachio is from late Middle English 'pistace', from Old French, superseded in the 16th century by forms from Italian 'pistacchio', via Latin from Greek ПЂО№ПѓП„О¬ОєО№ОїОЅ ' pistГЎkion', from Middle Persian '*pistak' (the New Persian variant being ЩѕШіШЄЩ‡ ' pista').

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